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Beschreibung : Authentic Ancient Coin of: Constantius II - Roman Emperor : 337-361 A.D. - Bronze AE3 17mm (2.41 grams) Antioch mint: 332-335 A.D. Reference: RIC 88 (Antioch) FLIVLCONSTANTIVSNOBC - Laureate, cuirassed bust right. GLORIAEXERCITVS Exe: SMANZ - Two soldiers standing either side of two standards. Numismatic Note* The reverse legend dedicates this coin to the glory of the Army. Provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity. Standards Roman military standards. The standards with discs, or signa ( first three on left ) belong to centuriae of the legion (the image does not show the heads of the standards - whether spear-head or wreathed-palm). Note ( second from right ) the legion's aquila . The standard on the extreme right probably portrays the She-wolf ( lupa ) which fed Romulus , the legendary founder of Rome. (This was the emblem of Legio VI Ferrata , a legion then based in Judaea , a detachment of which is known to have fought in Dacia). Detail from Trajan's Column, Rome Modern reenactors parade with replicas of various legionary standards. From left to right: signum (spear-head type), with four discs, signum (wreathed-palm type), with six discs, imago of ruling emperor, legionary aquila , vexillum of commander ( legatus ) of Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix , with embroidered name and emblem ( Capricorn ) of legion Each tactical unit in the imperial army, from centuria upwards, had its own standard. This consisted of a pole with a variety of adornments that was borne by dedicated standard-bearers who normally held the rank of duplicarius . Military standards had the practical use of communicating to unit members where the main body of the unit was situated, so that they would not be separated, in the same way that modern tour-group guides use umbrellas or flags. But military standards were also invested with a mystical quality, representing the divine spirit ( genius ) of the unit and were revered as such (soldiers frequently prayed before their standards). The loss of a unit's standard to the enemy was considered a terrible stain on the unit's honour, which could only be fully expunged by its recovery. The standard of a centuria was known as a signum , which was borne by the unit's signifer . It consisted of a pole topped by either an open palm of a human hand or by a spear-head. The open palm, it has been suggested, originated as a symbol of the maniple ( manipulus = handful), the smallest tactical unit in the Roman army of the mid-Republic . The poles were adorned with two to six silver discs (the significance of which is uncertain). In addition, the pole would be adorned by a variety of cross-pieces (including, at bottom, a crescent-moon symbol and a tassel). The standard would also normally sport a cross-bar with tassels. The standard of a Praetorian cohort or an auxiliary cohort or ala was known as a vexillum or banner. This was a square flag, normally red in colour, hanging from a crossbar on the top of the pole. Stitched on the flag would be the name of the unit and/or an image of a god. An exemplar found in Egypt bears an image of the goddess Victory on a red background. The vexillum was borne by a vexillarius . A legionary detachment ( vexillatio ) would also have its own vexillum . Finally, a vexillum traditionally marked the commander's position on the battlefield. [194] The exception to the red colour appears to have been the Praetorian Guard, whose vexilla , similar to their clothing, favoured a blue background. From the time of Marius (consul 107 BC), the standard of all legions was the aquila (eagle). The pole was surmounted by a sculpted eagle of solid gold, or at least gold-plated silver, carrying thunderbolts in its claws (representing Jupiter , the highest Roman god. Otherwise the pole was unadorned. No exemplar of a legionary eagle has ever been found (doubtless because any found in later centuries were melted down for their gold content). The eagle was borne ... hide
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